BSC2346 2019 January All Modules Case Studies Latest

BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 01 Case Study
Question 1
Ben is a 6-month old infant who has a history of respiratory infections. His parents are concerned that his symptoms are worsening and bring him to his pediatrician, Dr. Johnson. They explain that he has a persistent cough and sometimes coughs up phlegm. He also experiences periodic wheezing and shortness of breath. Dr. Johnson notes that his weight and height have not increased as much as predicted since his last visit. He is concerned that Ben may have a genetic condition called Cystic Fibrosis.
There are several ways to test for Cystic Fibrosis. In your own words, briefly describe 2 diagnostic tests that Dr. Johnson could use to determine if Ben has Cystic Fibrosis.
Question 2         
Cystic Fibrosis is an inherited condition. Which of the following describes the inheritance pattern?
Answers:            
X-linked recessive
Autosomal recessive
X-linked dominant
Autosomal dominant
Question 3         
List at least 3 other symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis that are not mentioned in the case study about Ben.
Question 4
Which of Ben’s parents carried the defective gene which causes Cystic Fibrosis?
Answers:            
Neither parent- this was passed on from a prior generation
His mother
Both Parents
His father
Question 5
If both of Ben’s parents are Cystic Fibrosis carriers and plan to have another child, what are the chances that their next child would NOT be a carrier and would NOT be affected by Cystic Fibrosis?
Answers:            
0%
25%
75%
50%
Question 6         
In your own words, briefly describe how the Cystic Fibrosis gene affects the cell membrane.
Question 7         
Which of the following is not a common treatment for Cystic Fibrosis?
Answers:            
Pancreatic enzyme supplementation
Frequent blood transfusions
Prescription medications, such as mucolytics, inhaled through a nebulizer
Using an inflatable vest that vibrates to loosen mucus in the chest
Question 8
In your own words, briefly describe why Ben’s skin may taste salty.
Question 9
Which of the following statements is true of Cystic Fibrosis?
Answers:            
Cystic Fibrosis is generally diagnosed between 20-40 years of age.
Cystic Fibrosis affects the ability of chloride ions to pass through the cell membrane.
Cystic Fibrosis involved multiple mutations of more than one gene.
A carrier of Cystic Fibrosis has a 100% chance of having a child with Cystic Fibrosis.
Question 10       
Which tissue type is most affected by the excess mucus produced in Cystic Fibrosis?
Answers:            
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 02 Case Study
Question 1
Since childhood, Linda has always enjoyed the outdoors. She tries to spend as much time outside in the summer as she can because she lives in the Pacific Northwest, where summers are short. Now, Linda is 62 years old and is taking her grandchildren to the same lake house where she spent long days boating, swimming, and playing sports as a child.
Linda has noticed an itchy skin lesion on the superior portion of her right ear within the past two weeks. She is beginning to worry because it doesn’t seem to be healing. She packed a large-brimmed hat for her lake trip to keep her face and ears out of the sun. She wants to make sure she is helping protect her grandchildren from any potential skin damage, too.
If Linda’s lesion is a sign of cancer, which types of skin cancer do you think it could be? What other information would you need to know to make a more educated diagnosis?
Question 2
Which of the following is the most deadly type of skin cancer?
Answers:            
Basal adenoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Question 3
Linda asks her son, who is a nurse, to look at the lesion. He notices that the lesion has an asymmetric border, is black and brown, and measures less than 3 mm. Which of these factors is NOT a warning sign of cancer?
Answers:            
All of these factors are warning signs
Black and brown color
Asymmetric border
Measurement of less than 3 mm
Question 4         
Linda’s son thinks a biopsy might be necessary and urges her to follow-up with a dermatologist. In your own words, briefly describe the process of a skin biopsy.
Question 5
Humans have a natural protection against UV light called melanin, produced by melanocytes. Which layer of skin contains melanocytes?
Answers:            
Epidermis
Dermis
Reticular layer
Hypodermis
Question 6
In your own words, what is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor?
Question 7
Linda had a grandfather who was diagnosed with melanoma. She is now wondering if she inherited a gene that has caused her to have melanoma, too. Could this be true? Why or why not?
Question 8
If Linda’s biopsy is positive for melanoma, which of the following would NOT be a treatment option?
Answers:            
Antibiotic therapy
Radiation
Surgical removal
Chemotherapy
Question 9
How has Linda’s exposure to sun throughout her life contributed to her possible melanoma? (Hint: think about what happens to the DNA of skin cells.)
Question 10
How can Linda help protect her grandchildren when they are spending time outdoors? Be specific, use your own words, and include at least 3 ideas.
 
 
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 03 Case Study
Question 1
Alyssa is a 74-year-old female patient who presents to her primary care provider for a routine physical. She states that she feels “quite healthy” and has no complaints other than mild back pain. She has a family history of various cancers, diabetes, and osteoporosis, so she knows that it is important to stay active and keep up with screenings and annual physical exams. Alyssa’s provider finds that she has lost 10 pounds since last year’s exam. She is almost a full inch shorter, as well.
Alyssa’s provider suspects that she may have osteoporosis. Which other two factors would support that other diagnosis?
Answers:            
Taking calcium supplements and intense daily exercise
Family history of cancer and obesity
A history of smoking and being post-menopausal
Weight loss and history of surgery
Question 2
Explain, in your own words, how Alyssa’s loss of height could be related to her possible osteoporosis diagnosis.
Question 3
Alyssa’s provider orders a DEXA scan. Which of the following T-score outcomes would indicate a diagnosis of osteoporosis?
Answers:            
+1.2
-1.4
-2.6
0
Question 4
Why might Alyssa’s provider ask her about her diet? Provide two reasons and explain how they are related to osteoporosis.
Question 5
Explain how the body controls calcium levels in the bones and blood. Be sure to describe the roles of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin in detail.
Question 6
Alyssa has been prescribed several medications over the past two decades for various reasons. Which of the following may have had an impact on developing osteoporosis?
Answers:            
Antibiotics
Steroid medication
Cholesterol-lowering statins
Over-the-counter antacid medication
Question 7
Alyssa’s doctor recommends that she increase her calcium intake. List at least five foods that have high calcium content.
Question 8
Alyssa does some research on risk factors for osteoporosis and comes across the term “peak bone mass.” In your own words, explain what peak bone mass means and at which age it typically occurs.
Question 9
Which of the following choices has NOT been shown to cause a decrease in blood calcium levels?
Answers:            
Caffeine
Cannabis
Sodium
Alcohol
Question 10
If Alyssa does have osteoporosis, can she reverse its effects on her bone density? Explain why or why not. What is the best course of action she can take to keep her bones as healthy as possible?
 
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 04 Case Study
Question 1
Jordan is now 19-years old. As an infant, Jordan reached many gross motor skill milestones, such as holding his head up, rolling over, sitting, and standing, at normal times. However, he was considered a “late walker” because he took his first steps at 17 months. By 2 years old, his parents noticed a hyperlordotic posture while he was standing. A Gower’s sign and Trendelenberg gait were noted by age four. Throughout his childhood, he suffered progressive muscle weakness, especially in the proximal musculature of the arms, pelvis, and legs. He required orthotic braces to assist his walking and was confined to wheelchair ambulation by age 13.
At 16, he was hospitalized with bronchitis requiring antibiotic treatment, but recovered. Jordan has a history of progressive muscle weakness, but no history of muscle pain or spasm, chest pain, or irregular heartbeat. The only medications that he normally takes are calcium and fluoride supplements. Jordan has three siblings. His older and younger sisters have never had any major medical issues. Jordan’s older brother is also to a wheelchair with problems similar to Jordan’s. No other immediate or distant family members have musculoskeletal issues.
Jordan’s history aligns most closely with which diagnosis?
Answers:            
Multiple sclerosis
 Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Question 2
Jordan had a biopsy of the left gastrocnemius muscle when he was 5 years old. Based on your answer for his diagnosis, describe the microscopic pathological changes that the pathologist would have noted in her report.
Question 3
Explain, in your own words, why Jordan’s brother appears to have the same disease and why his sisters are unaffected.
Question 4
Jordan’s calves appear enlarged. Which of the following statements explains this phenomenon?
Answers:            
Jordan’s muscle cells are experiencing calcification because the actin and myosin filaments are no longer able to release from each other.
As his muscle degenerate, calcium replaces the water in the muscle cells.
As his muscles degenerate, the muscle tissue is replaced by collagen and adipose tissue.
As Jordan ages, the neuromuscular junction loses its neurotransmitters.
Question 5
Jordan displayed Gower’s sign at a young age. Which of the following statements explains why this this true?
Answers:            
The chronic contractures in Jordan’s lower legs cause him to be reliant on his upper body for strength.
Jordan’s quadriceps and gluteus maximus are in spasm, which causes him to fall to his knees when trying to stand.
His neuromuscular junctions were interrupting the signals to contract his muscles.
The weakness of his proximal leg muscles and erector spinae muscles force Jordan to use his arms to push on the floor.
Question 6
Weakness in his erector spinae muscles forces Jordan to assume which exaggerated position when standing?
Answers:            
Cervical hyperlordosis
Lumbar hyperlordosis
Scoliosis
Thoracic hyperkyphosis
Question 7
In your own words, please explain why Jordan must take calcium supplements for the rest of his life. (Hint: Think about your prior material and Wolff’s law.)
Question 8
Jordan is prone to respiratory infections, in part because of the weakness of which muscles?
Answers:            
Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
Serratus anterior and scalene muscles
Hyoid muscles
Diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles
Question 9
Genetic testing would reveal that Jordan has a y-linked disorder.
Answers:            
True
 False
Question 10
In your own words, briefly describe the role of dystrophin within the motor unit.
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 06 Case Study
Question 1
Donna, a 42-year-old mother of two, has been experiencing intermittent tingling and numbness in both of her feet. She has also had trouble holding a pen while writing. In the past few months, the tingling and numbness in her extremities seemed to subside on its own, so she was not very concerned. Recently, though, the symptoms have spread to her knees and thighs and are persisting.
Yesterday, she stumbled when getting out of bed in the morning. When she tried to stand, her right leg was too weak to hold her weight and she fell again. She noticed that she scraped her right knee during the fall, but does not feel any pain from the wound. Donna notices that she has blurry vision and thinks that might be the reason she fell.
All of the following indicate sensory deficits EXCEPT:
Answers:            
Blurry vision
Tingling in her feet
Muscular weakness
Numbness in her legs
Question 2
Donna does not feel the wound on her knee. In a normal situation, describe how this sensory input of a scraped knee would result in the feeling of pain.
Question 3
Donna has weakness in her right leg, but her left leg is functioning normally. Which components of the nervous system are involved with skeletal muscle movement? Be specific about how the motor impulse moves through the body.
Question 4
Which of the following ly defines a motor unit?
Answers:            
All motor units are afferent neurons
A single neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates
A single muscle and all the neurons that innervate it
A single muscle and its largest associated nerve
Question 5
Which of the following statements is true?
Answers:            
Donna’s symptoms are most likely only related to the brain, and not peripheral nerves.
Donna is experiencing problems related to sensory neurons only.
Donna is experiencing both motor and sensory deficits.
Donna is experiencing problems related to motor neurons only.
Question 6
List and describe any and all symptoms in Donna’s history that could be related to a pathology of her motor neurons.
Question 7
Donna’s primary care physician wants to screen her for Multiple Sclerosis. Which of the following tests would provide the most definitive diagnosis for MS?
Answers:            
Muscle strength test
Complete blood count
Bone scan
MRI
Question 8
If Donna does have MS, the disease is affecting her myelin sheath. Briefly describe what happens to the myelin sheath and how it disrupts nerve function in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.
Question 9
Donna later sees a specialist who wants to perform a spinal tap, which is an analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) found?
Answers:            
Peripheral nerves
Surrounding the structures of the Central Nervous System
Surrounding every synapse and neuromuscular junction in the body
Inside each neuron’s soma
Question 10
After extensive testing, Donna’s care team concluded that she does have Multiple Sclerosis and have prescribed steroid treatment. How will steroids help alleviate her symptoms?
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 07 Case Study
Question 1
InScott, a 37-year-old elementary teacher, is seeing his general practitioner for complaints of general weakness, especially in his lower extremities. He has also been feeling very fatigued lately and has trouble keeping up with his students throughout his work day. His physician notes that he has lost a significant amount of weight in the last 6 months. Scott reports that even simple tasks, such as brushing his hair and getting dressed, can seem like a chore. He has trouble climbing stairs because of his weakness and notices that his speech is slurred, especially at the end of the day.
Scott’s physician uses a tongue depressor during his physical examination and Scott begins to gag and has difficulty swallowing. His physician notes muscle wasting and abnormal spasticity in upper and lower extremities bilaterally. All reflexes are normal except the Babinski reflex. Scott’s toes fan out when the sole of his feet are stroked with the reflex hammer.            
Answers:            
Neurons of the autonomic nervous system only
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Both sensory and motor neurons
Question 2
Because Scott’s symptoms are progressively getting worse over a period of several months, we can rule out which of the following diagnoses?
Answers:            
Multiple Sclerosis
Traumatic spinal cord hemisection
Muscular dystrophy
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Question 3         
Scott’s physician believes he may have ALS. Briefly describe this condition in your own words.
Question 4
Which of the following is NOT an early symptom of ALS?
Answers:            
Fatigue
Leg weakness
Loss of balance
Difficulty swallowing
Question 5         
What are the major differences between ALS and MS, physiologically? Describe any pathological differences you find in your research.
Question 6         
Scott has a positive Babinski reflex. What is the significance of this? What does a positive Babinski reflex mean in adult patients?
Question 7
ALS stands for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. What does “amyotrophic” mean? What is happening to the body (physiologically) if it is experience “amyotrophic” changes?
Question 8
ALS stands for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. What is the word “lateral” referring to in this case?
Answers:            
The neurodegeneration affects the lateral columns of the spinal cord.
The symptoms only affect one side of the body.
The neurodegeneration affects the lateral portion of the cerebrum.
The disease only affects the lateral part of the body.
Question 9
The motor neurons affected by ALS are found in the spinal nerves and peripheral branches of those spinal nerves only.
Answers:            
True
False
Question 10
Which of the following statements regarding ALS is true?
Answers:            
The familial type of ALS is the most common and accounts for 80% of all ALS cases in the U.S.
ALS cannot be cured, but medication can stop the progression and sometimes reverse the effects of ALS.
Diagnosing ALS can involve a spinal tap, electromyography, X-rays, MRI, muscle and nerve biopsies, and blood tests.
The average survival time for a patient diagnosed with ALS is 20-25 years post-diagnosis.
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 08 Case Study
Question 1
Joanne just celebrated her 50th birthday and knows that she should probably see her physician for a physical. She’s generally in good health, but has been experiencing some odd symptoms lately. Joanne has been experiencing mild to moderate headaches once or twice a week, usually in the morning hours. She feels that her mental acuity “isn’t what it used to be” and forgets the day of the week occasionally. Her husband often complains that she has the TV too loud, but Joanne thinks it’s a normal volume. She has noticed that her feet and toes are colder and she has to wear socks and slippers around the house to be comfortable.
A few nights a week, she wakes up in the middle of the night with tingling and numbness in her right hand. Joanne works at a desk all day and she notices a sharp, and sometimes throbbing, pain in her feet bilaterally after a long workday. She was thinking that her symptoms were just part of aging, but wonders if it could be abnormal. She has no history of major trauma, alcoholism, cancer, or inherited diseases.
Which of the following choices would best describe the symptoms in Joanne’s feet?
Answers:            
Motor neuron dysfunction
Sensory neuron dysfunction
Permanent neuron damage to the sympathetic nervous system
Both sensory and motor neuron dysfunction
Question 2         
Which of Joanne’s symptoms could be related to peripheral neuropathy?
Question 3
All of the following are possible causes for peripheral neuropathy EXCEPT:
Answers:            
Vitamin B deficiencies
Intervertebral disk herniation
Hemorrhage
Medications
Question 4
If Joanne’s neuropathy is related to diabetes, what are some complications she can expect (and try to avoid)? List and describe at least three complications.
Question 5
All of the following might be explanations for Joanne’s right hand symptoms, EXCEPT:
Answers:            
Lumbar disc herniation
Sleeping on her right shoulder, causing pressure on the brachial plexus
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Cervical disc herniation
Question 6
If Joanne’s hand symptoms area caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, which nerve would be affected?
Answers:            
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Radial nerve
Axillary nerve
Question 7
If Joanne’s hand symptoms are caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, which of her fingers would be affected by the numbness?
Answers:            
1st-3rd digits and medial half of the 4th digit
All digits
1st digit only
1st – 3rd digits
Question 8         
How might Joanne’s lower extremity symptoms be related to her job? Briefly describe how ergonomics might be related to the pathophysiology she is experiencing.
Question 9
Dysfunction of the following structures would explain Joanne’s numbness?
Answers:            
Ventral root
Corticospinal tract
Dorsal root
Lumbar plexus
Question 10
Dysfunction of which the following structures may be the cause of Joanne’s lower extremity symptoms?
Answers:            
Sacral plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Cervical plexus
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 09 Case Study
Question 1 Kari is a relatively healthy 42-year-old female with well-managed diabetes. She reports occasional alcohol intake, smokes cigarettes only when drinking, and exercises 3-4 times a week. She has a history of mild myopia, which she has ed with glasses and contacts since she was 14 years old. Kari has been having trouble seeing at night. It has been gradually getting worse and she was tripped on a rug and bumped into a few walls within the last week. She has also noticed that small text seems blurrier than usual. Kari always makes sure to schedule annual visits to her eye doctor. Luckily, it’s almost time for this year’s check-up because she thinks she might need a new prescription for her glasses and contacts.
Kari’s mild myopia means:
Answers:            
She has trouble focusing on objects close to her face.
She has trouble seeing objects at a distance.
Light is focused behind her retina.
Light is focused on the fovea centralis.
Question 2         
Of the limited history you are given, which item could NOT be related to the vision issues she is experiencing?
Answers:            
Smoking tobacco
Exercising 3-4 times a week
Alcohol intake
Diabetes
Question 3         
Myopia becomes more prevalent as one ages.
Answers:            
True
False
Question 4         
Kari has two grandparents who had glaucoma in their lifetime. Do any of Kari’s symptoms support a diagnosis of glaucoma? If so, which one(s)?
Question 5         
Kari’s ophthalmologist measures her intraocular pressure and finds that it is normal. With this information, which of the following diagnoses can be ruled out?
Answers:            
Glaucoma
Hyperopia
Myopia
Cataracts
Question 6         
During her annual visit, her doctor asks Kari for more specific information regarding her current symptoms. Which of the following symptoms would NOT be suggestive of cataracts?
Answers:            
Trouble with bright lights
Halos around lights
Faded colors
Loss of peripheral vision
Question 7 A cataract consists of clouding in which structure?
Answers:            
Cornea
Sclera
Lens
Retina
Question 8
Over the next several months, Kari’s eyes begin to look like this:
C:Userschloe.murphyDesktopBSCMod9Eye.png
Considering her history and symptoms, which of the following conditions is most likely?
Answers:            
Glaucoma
Cataracts
Presbyopia
Hyperopia
Question 9
If Kari is diagnosed with glaucoma, what is the most likely treatment? Describe the treatment briefly, in your own words.
Question 10
If Kari is diagnosed with cataracts, what is the most likely treatment? Describe the treatment briefly, in your own words.
 
 
BSC2346 Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Module 10 Case Study
Question 1
Edna is a 42-year-old mother of two girls. She has been feeling very sluggish lately and finds it hard to get out of bed in the morning, even after a full night’s sleep. She is fatigued throughout the day and has to compensate with a lot of caffeine. She’s gained about 5 pounds this month, but attributes that to all the workouts she’s been skipping lately. Her partner keeps noticing and mentioning how cold Edna’s hands are, even though it is the middle of summer. Edna sees her doctor to find out what is wrong. Her physician takes her vital signs before doing further testing. Here are her results: BP 124/74, Pulse 52, Temperature 98.2 F, Height 5’8”, and Weight 178 pounds.
Edna’s doctor is worried about her endocrine function. Which of the following glands is most likely causing her symptoms?
Answers:            
Thyroid gland
Pineal gland
Adrenal gland
Thymus gland
Question 2         
Edna’s symptoms are similar to those present in Grave’s disease.
Answers:            
True
False
Question 3         
During Edna’s physical exam, her physician notes an enlargement of her thyroid gland. What is this called and why is it important in her case?
Question 4 Edna’s physician suspects that she may have hypothyroidism. Which of the following tests would be the first step to help confirm that diagnosis?
Selected Answer:           
Blood test for thyroxine and TSH levels
Answers:            
Blood test for thyroxine and TSH levels
Fine needle biopsy
Ultrasound of the thyroid
Thyroidectomy
Question 5         
Edna’s test results showed that her T4 level was below normal. Why might her TSH level be elevated?
Question 6
If Edna’s condition goes untreated, she may experience more severe symptoms. List 3 symptoms (other than those given in her history) that often accompany untreated hypothyroidism.
Question 7
Which of the following is the most likely and effective form of treatment for Edna’s condition?
Answers:            
Dietary changes, including elimination of caffeine
Two week prescription of thyroid medication
Life-long oral medication, such as levothyroxine
Thyroidectomy
Question 8         
Why would Edna’s doctor inquire about her iodine intake? (Explain why iodine is pertinent in this case and how it affects the thyroid.)
Question 9         
If Eda is prescribed a synthetic thyroid medication, which of the following would be a sign that her dosage is too high?
Answers:            
Weight gain
Anxiety
Decrease basal metabolic rate
Cold intolerance
Question 10       
If Edna’s symptoms are related to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, should her daughters be concerned about their own thyroid health? Why or why not?