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A chemical equation may also indicate in parentheses the physical states of each
component: (1) for liquid, (g) for gas, (s) for solid, and (aq) for aqueous, meaning it is
dissolved in water.
For us to predict the products of a chemical reaction, we first need to be able to
classify them. We begin by separating them into two classes:
1. Oxidation-Reduction reactions: involve the transfer of electrons from one atom
to another.
2. Non Oxidation-Reduction reactions: no transfer of electrons between atoms.
Each of these classes can be further broken down into other more specific types of
reactions and in this lab lesson, we will study some of these reactions):
1. Oxidation-Reduction reactions
a. combustion reactions: hydrocarbon molecules burn in the presence of oxygen
to produce carbon dioxide and water.
CH, or C,H,O, + 02 → CO2 +H,0
b. single replacement reactions: a more reactive element replaces a less reactive
element. For example, zinc is more reactive than copper, so zinc will replace
copper ions in solution.
Zn(s) + CuCl2 (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + Cu(s)
c. synthesis (composition) reactions: two or more elements combine to make a
new substance,
4K(s) + 2C(s) + 302(8) 2 K,CO3(s)
or a combination of an element and compound or two combine to make a new
substance.
H2O(l) + SO3(8) H2SO4
d. decomposition reactions: these are the reverse of a synthesis reaction. For
example a compound breaks up into its components.
H2CO3(s) H2O(g) + CO2(8)
2. Non-Oxidation-Reduction reactions
a. double replacement precipitation reactions: Two compounds combine to make
a solid such as the reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide, which
makes a very bright yellow compound known as lead(II) iodide.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) Pbl(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
b. neutralization reactions- an acid and base react to form an ionic compound or
salt and water.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(1)
If either the acid or base contains an HCO; or CO2 ion, a third product-
carbon dioxide (CO) gas – is produced.
HCl(aq) + NaH 3(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(8
60
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
Purpose
Students will be able to classify chemical reactions by observing the chemical and
physical properties associated with them
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60
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
Purpose
Students will be able to classify chemical reactions by observing the chemical and
physical properties associated with them.
Learning Objectives
After completing this laboratory activity, you will be able to:
1. Identify physical changes that occur in a chemical reaction.
2. Identify chemical changes that occur during a chemical reaction.
3. Recognize the six major types of chemical reactions.
4. Use a trial-and-error method to balance equations for the major types of
chemical reactions.
Duration
This laboratory exercise will take approximately 2.5 hours to complete.
Materials
This lab lesson is a video-based dry lab. Access to the video clips provided for
Lesson 6 that are included on the CD that accompanies this laboratory manual is
necessary to complete the procedure below.
Safety
There are no safety hazards, since this is a video-based lab.
Video Review
Watch this video before beginning this experiment. You may want to refer back to it
later to assist you in understanding the types of observations the experiment wants you
to make.
Before beginning the Procedure below, watch Video #1, which introduces the topic of
chemical reactions; Video #2, which provides an overview of some characteristics of
chemical and physical changes; and Video #3 and #4, which provide additional
background information.
Procedure
Part I: Identified Reactions
1. Watch Video #5, which is an example of a combustion reaction. (This reaction
can also be classified as oxidation-reduction, since there are electrons exchanged
during reaction.) As you watch the video, pay special attention to small details in
the experiment that will provide clues to the nature of the reactants. If you have
forgotten what to look for, please review Video #2, which discusses how to
recognize chemical reactions.
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
61
Example: What does the large red symbol on the bottle tell you about one of the
reactants? If you recorded it is flammable, you just noted an important component
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Example: What does the large red symbol on the bottle tell you about one of the
reactants? If you recorded it is flammable, you just noted an important component
of combustion reactions. Most combustion reactions involve combining with
oxygen in a form we call burning. Watch for other clues to help you understand the
nature of the reactants and products.
a. As the video plays, carefully observe and record as many chemical and
physical changes as you can for this reaction type. You may need to replay the
segment of video a number of times to be sure you have as much information
recorded as possible.
b. Note any other observations that may be used to aid you in recognizing the
reaction type.
c. Record as much data as you can in Table 6.1 in the Data Collection section
below, since this will assist you in identifying the unidentified reaction types
later in this experiment.
2. Watch Video #6, which is an example of a single displacement reaction. It is also
classified as oxidation-reduction, since there are electrons exchanged. As you
watch the video, pay special attention to small details in the experiment that will
provide clues to the nature of the reactants. If you have forgotten what to look for,
review Video #3, which covers oxidation-reduction reactions.
Example: What does the material in the test tube look like? What might this imply
about the reactant? If you recorded it is metal you just noted an important
component of some single displacement reactions. More important is if it is a pure
metal, it represents a single element starting as a reactant. One reactant is always a
single element whether it is metal or nonmetal, which is why these are called single
displacement reactions. Watch for other clues to help you understand the nature of
the reactants and products.
a. As the video plays, carefully observe and record as many chemical and
physical changes as you can for this reaction type. You may need to replay the
segment of video a number of times to be sure you have as much information
recorded as possible.
b. Note any other observations that may be used to aid you in recognizing the
reaction type.
c. Record as much data as you can in Table 6.2 in the Data Collection section
below, since this will assist you in identifying the unidentified reaction types
later in this experiment.
3. Watch Video #7, which is an example of a synthesis reaction. It is also classified
as oxidation-reduction, since there are electrons exchanged. As you watch the
video, pay special attention to small details in the experiment that will provide
clues to the nature of the reactants. If you have forgotten what to look for, watch
Video #3, which covers oxidation-reduction reactions.
Example: What does the material in the evaporating dish look like? What might
this imply about the reactant? If you recorded it is metal (element), you just noted
an important component of some synthesis reactions. Did you see what the other
reactant might be? (Hint: oxygen from air.) Synthesis reactions are two or more
62
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
substances combining to make something new. Watch for other clues to help you
understand the nature of the reactants and products.
a. As the video plays, carefully observe and record as many chemical and
physical changes as you can for this reaction type. You may need to replay the
Carmant of viden
number of timac ta ha cura vau hava a
wah information
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Teactant mign Der (71111. oxygen Troman.) Dynthesis Teactions are two or more
62
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
substances combining to make something new. Watch for other clues to help you
understand the nature of the reactants and products.
a. As the video plays, carefully observe and record as many chemical and
physical changes as you can for this reaction type. You may need to replay the
segment of video a number of times to be sure you have as much information
recorded as possible.
b. Note any other observations that may be used to aid you in recognizing the
reaction type.
c. Record as much data as you can in Table 6.3 in the Data Collection section
below, since this will assist you in identifying the unidentified reaction types
later in this experiment.
4. Watch Video #8, which is an example of a decomposition reaction. It is also
classified as oxidation-reduction, since there are electrons exchanged. As you
watch the video, pay special attention to small details in the experiment that will
provide clues to the nature of the reactants. If you have forgotten what to look for,
watch Video #3, which covers oxidation-reduction reactions.
Example: What does the material in the test tube look like? What might this imply
about the reactant? If you thought it looked like a compound, you just noted an
important component of some decomposition reactions. Did you see any other
reactant added? (Decomposition reactions break down one or more substances into
smaller structures to make something new.) Did you see something produced from
the rust colored powder as it was heated? (Hint: Review the classic test for
presence of oxygen) Watch for other clues to help you understand the nature of the
reactants and products.
a. As the video plays, carefully observe and record as many chemical and
physical changes as you can for this reaction type. You may need to replay the
segment of video a number of times to be sure you have as much information
recorded as possible.
b. Note any other observations that may be used to aid you in recognizing the
reaction type.
c. Record as much data as you can in Table 6.4 in the Data Collection section
below, since this will assist you in identifying the unidentified reaction types
later in this experiment.
5. Watch Video #9, which is an example of a precipitation reaction (and is also
classified as double displacement). There are no electrons exchanged in this group
of reactions. The double displacement is generally characterized by either the
positive or negative ions of one compound in solution being so attracted to the
positive or negative ion of another compound in solution the attraction results in an
insoluble compound. An insoluble product formed in this manner is called a
precipitate. Production of gases, liquids, or weak acid solutions may also result but
since most ionic compounds are solids at room temperature, the precipitation is one
of the common double displacement reaction types.
As you watch the video, pay special attention to small details in the experiment that
will provide clues to the nature of the reactants. If you have forgotten what to look
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
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6.
for, watch the last portion of Video #4, which reviews double displacement
reactions.
Example: What do the materials in the test tube look like? What might this imply
about the reactants? If you recorded they are both clear solutions, you just noted an
important component of displacement reactions. In order for the compounds to
move around they must be either molten or in solution. Since to melt ionic
compounds it takes very high temperatures, most observable reactions occur in
solution. Many ions are colorless in solution. Watch for other clues to help you
understand the nature of the reactants and products.
a. As the video plays, carefully observe and record as many chemical and
physical changes as you can for this reaction type. You may need to replay the
segment of video a number of times to be sure you have as much information
recorded as possible.
b. Note any other observations that may be used to aid you in recognizing the
reaction type.
c. Record as much data as you can in Table 6.5 in the Data Collection section
below, since this will assist you in identifying the unidentified reaction types
later in this experiment.
Watch Video #10, which is an example of a neutralization reaction (and is also
classified as double displacement). There are no electrons exchanged in this group
of reactions. In this reaction, the insoluble substance produced is typically water.
The ions left in solution will only go together after the water produced and the
water present as part of the solution is evaporated. These reactions are generally
identified by a color change in an organic compound known as an indicator and
confirmed by salt remaining after evaporation. Some acid-base reactions may
produce a solid, gas, or weak acid.
As you watch the video, pay special attention to small details in the experiment that
will provide clues to the nature of the reactants. If you have forgotten what to look
for, watch the last portion of Video #4, which reviews double displacement
reactions.
Example: What do the materials in the test tube look like? What might this imply
about the reactants? If you recorded one solution was clear and the other had a
color, you just noted an important component of neutralization reactions. While
there are some indicators that are clear and then turn colors, most are colored in
solution and will change to another color as the acid and base react. Watch for
other clues to help you understand the nature of the reactants and products.
a. As the video plays, carefully observe and record as many chemical and
physical changes as you can for this reaction type. You may need to replay the
segment of video a number of times to be sure you have as much information
recorded as possible.
b. Note any other observations that may be used to aid you in recognizing the
reaction type.
c. Record as much data as you can in Table 6.6 in the Data Collection section
below, since this will assist you in identifying the unidentified reaction types
later in this experiment.
64
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
Part II: Unidentified Reactions
In this section, you will watch six video segments found on the CD that accompanies
this laboratory manual. Each segment will feature a reaction type that you learned
about in Part I, but appear in a different order. Watch each video segment and record
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Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
69
5.
Were any of the reactions shown in Parts I and II of this lab lesson endothermic?
Explain.
Review Videos #3 & #4 for Lesson 6 on the CD that is included with your lab kit and
answer the questions below.
6. What characteristic of reactants and products distinguishes redox reactions from
non-redox reactions?
7.
What makes the combustion reaction distinct from the other types of redox
reactions?
8.
What evidence is there that chemical reactions occur in Yellowstone National
Park?
70
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
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68
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
Analysis & Application
1. Compare the observations in the unidentified reactions from Part II to those of the
identified reactions you learned about in Part I of this lab experiment and classify
the unidentified reaction types.
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Type 5
Type 6
2.
Write a balanced equation that represents each of the reaction types you just
identified in Question 1.
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Type 5.
Type 6
3. Which chemical changes did ALL of the reactions have in common?
4.
Where does the “neutralization reaction” get its name?
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
69
5.
Were any of the reactions shown in Parts I and II of this lab lesson endothermic?
Fynlain
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Lesson 6/ Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
Table 6.6: Double Replacement: Neutralization Reactions
Reactant
Product
Chemical
Physical
Other
properties properties
changes
changes observations
Part II: Unidentified Reactions
Table 6.7: Unidentified Reaction, Type 1
Reactant
Product
Chemical
properties properties
changes
Physical
changes
Other
observations
Table 6.8: Unidentified Reaction, Type 2
Reactant
Product
Chemical
properties properties
changes
Physical
changes
Other
observations
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
67
Table 6.9: Unidentified Reaction, Type 3
Dauntant
Chaminal
Droduct
Dhveical
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Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
67
Table 6.9: Unidentified Reaction, Type 3
Reactant
Product
Chemical
properties properties changes
Physical
changes
Other
observations
Table 6.10: Unidentified Reaction, Type 4
Reactant
Product
Chemical
properties properties
changes
Physical
changes
Other
observations
Table 6.11: Unidentified Reaction, Type 5
Reactant
Product
Chemical
properties properties changes
Physical
changes
Other
observations
Table 6.12: Unidentified Reaction, Type 6
Reactant
Product
Chemical
properties properties
changes
Physical
changes
Other
observations
68
Lesson 6/ Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
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Table 6.3: Synthesis (also called Combination) Reactions
Reactant
Product
Chemical Physical
Other
properties properties changes changes observations
Table 6.4: Decomposition Reactions
Reactant
Product
Chemical
properties properties changes
Physical
changes
Other
observations
Table 6.5: Double Replacement: Precipitation Reactions
Reactant
Product
Chemical
Physical
Other
properties properties
changes
changes observations
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Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
Table 6.6: Double Replacement: Neutralization Reactions
Reactant
Product
Chemical
Physical
Other
properties properties
changes
changes observations
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Assignment Details
X CHEM140-44479 PHYS140-44480 (ONL)
DIUXTue anu water
Type II: Magnesium and Hydrochloric Acid
Type III: Magnesium and Oxygen
Type IV: Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to
Oxygen and Water
Type V: Lead (11) Nitrate with Potassium lodide
Type VI: Hydrochloric Acid with Sodium
Hydroxide
You will need to get household materials to follow
the procedure. Feel free to substitute something
else that might be similar or use the internet (you
tube) to see a demonstration of a certain
reaction (if you cannot purchase or find it).
Type IV: Replacement of Lead (II) Nitrate with
Potassium lodide
Analysis and Application
Use the reactions above as well as the video in
your lesson to answer your questions.
This lab is worth 20 points
Submit Assignment
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Assignment Details
X CHEM140-44479 PHYS140-44480 (ONL)
Description
This lab is a video based dry lab.
Part 1
Due to copyright issues I cannot give access to
the specific videos that are examples of specific
reaction types but you can find them on the
internet.
Again my suggestion would be to use you tube.
Fill out the appropriate tables by hand.
Part II
Use these reactions as your unidentified reaction
for comparison to reactions you look up.
Type l: Glucose and Oxygen to produce Carbon
Dioxide and Water
Type II: Magnesium and Hydrochloric Acid
Type III: Magnesium and Oxygen
Type IV: Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to
Oxygen and Water
Submit Assignment
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Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find
New Partners
Lesson 6
oxygen
16.00
Lab Experiment: Chemical Reactions-
The Atomic Square Dance
Introduction
What makes a chemical reaction? Chemical reactions describe chemical changes or the
rearrangement of atoms to form a new substance. Chemical reactions are omnipresent,
in fact as you read this experiment, you are running multiple chemical reactions in
your body providing you with energy as you digest your food, and enabling you to
think as chemicals carry messages in your brain. We use chemical reactions to make
new medications, to power your automobile, run your computer and especially to cook.
Indicators that a chemical reaction has occurred include the following:
Change in color
Production of a new solid (precipitate)
Production of a gas
Change in temperature (energy)
The presence of an indicator of chemical change is no guarantee that a chemical
change has taken place. Further investigation is often warranted.
When energy is released, the process is said to be exothermic. When energy is
absorbed, the process is said to be endothermic. Chemical change takes place through a
chemical reaction, described with a chemical equation. The substances that react to
form a new substance are called the reactants and appear on the left side of the
equation. The substances that formed as a result of the reaction are called the products
and appear on the right side of the equation. An arrow between reactants and products
shows the direction of the change. Any catalysts may be indicated over the arrow.
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
59
A chemical equation may also indicate in parentheses the physical states of each
component: (1) for liquid, (g) for gas, (s) for solid, and (aq) for aqueous, meaning it is
dissolved in water.
For us to predict the products of a chemical reaction, we first need to be able to
classify them. We begin by separating them into two classes:
1. Oxidation-Reduction reactions: involve the transfer of electrons from one atom
to another
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A chemical equation may also indicate in parentheses the physical states of each
component: (1) for liquid, (g) for gas, (s) for solid, and (aq) for aqueous, meaning it is
dissolved in water.
For us to predict the products of a chemical reaction, we first need to be able to
classify them. We begin by separating them into two classes:
1. Oxidation-Reduction reactions: involve the transfer of electrons from one atom
to another.
2. Non Oxidation-Reduction reactions: no transfer of electrons between atoms.
Each of these classes can be further broken down into other more specific types of
reactions and in this lab lesson, we will study some of these reactions):
1. Oxidation-Reduction reactions
a. combustion reactions: hydrocarbon molecules burn in the presence of oxygen
to produce carbon dioxide and water.
CH, or C,H,O, + 02 → CO2 +H,0
b. single replacement reactions: a more reactive element replaces a less reactive
element. For example, zinc is more reactive than copper, so zinc will replace
copper ions in solution.
Zn(s) + CuCl2 (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + Cu(s)
c. synthesis (composition) reactions: two or more elements combine to make a
new substance,
4K(s) + 2C(s) + 302(8) 2 K,CO3(s)
or a combination of an element and compound or two combine to make a new
substance.
H2O(l) + SO3(8) H2SO4
d. decomposition reactions: these are the reverse of a synthesis reaction. For
example a compound breaks up into its components.
H2CO3(s) H2O(g) + CO2(8)
2. Non-Oxidation-Reduction reactions
a. double replacement precipitation reactions: Two compounds combine to make
a solid such as the reaction of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide, which
makes a very bright yellow compound known as lead(II) iodide.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) Pbl(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
b. neutralization reactions- an acid and base react to form an ionic compound or
salt and water.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(1)
If either the acid or base contains an HCO; or CO2 ion, a third product-
carbon dioxide (CO) gas – is produced.
HCl(aq) + NaH 3(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(8
60
Lesson 6/Chemical Reactions: Atoms Find New Partners
Purpose
Students will be able to classify chemical reactions by observing the chemical and
physical properties associated with them
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