Description
Skeleton Notes Writing Arguments: Chapter 3 pages 32-36 &49-51
The Logical Structure of Arguments: Logos
Learning Objectives: In this chapter, you will learn to
3.1 Explain the logical structure of argument in terms of claim, reason, and assumption
granted by the audience
1. Logos refers to ____________________________________________.
2. When considering the differences between formal logic like formulas used in a
logic class and real-world logic, what is important to remember about the word
prove?
3. Often, the best hope you can hope for is to ________________ the resolve of
those who agree with you or ______________ the resistance of those who
oppose you.
4. As opposed to formal logic, real-world arguments must be grounded in
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
5. A second important difference is that in real-world arguments, these beliefs,
assumptions, and values are often __________________. If both sides agree, it
is fine to leave those unstated. However, if the underlying assumptions are not
shared, the writer ______________________.
6. What is an enthymeme?
7. Enthymeme comes from Greek en thumos which means?
_______________________________________________
8. Aristotle showed how successful enthymemes root the speaker?s argument in
______________________________________held by the audience. Listeners
must have in mind an assumption, belief, or value that lets them willingly supply
the missing premise. If the audience is unwilling to supply the missing premise,
then the argument _______________________.
9. Aristotle?s concept of the enthymeme focuses on the writer?s need to create what
we can now call ?audience-based reasons? as opposed to ?writer-based
reasons.? What does this mean?
Review the activity for Writing and Discussion on page 36. Be ready for discussion in
class.
We are skipping the section on Toulmin argument, but please read Carmen?s essay on
video games on pages 47-49. This is a strong example of a classical argument. We will
use this example in class.
10.
What is a self-announcing or closed-form structure? Note: we will generally
refer to this as a guided thesis.
11.
A general rule of thumb if you have more than one reason is to place your
most important or most interesting reason ______________, where it will have
the _______________________ on your readers.
Question 1 (10 points)
Logos refers to…
Question 1 options:
the emotion of argument supported by narratives and vivid language
the credibility of an argument exhibited through the author’s credentials
none of these is correct
the strength of an argument’s support and its internal consistency
Question 2 (10 points)
Writing Arguments suggests that writers avoid using the word prove, stating that the best
one can hope for is to…
Question 2 options:
strengthen the resolve of those who agree with you and weaken the resistance of those who oppose you.
make a good case for something, rather than trying to prove something.
none of these is correct
strengthen the resolve of those who oppose you and weaken the resistance of those who agree with you.
Question 3 (10 points)
Writing Arguments suggests that real-world arguments must be grounded in…
Question 3 options:
assumptions
all of these are correct
beliefs
values granted by the audience
Question 4 (10 points)
An enthymeme is an incomplete logical structure that includes
Question 4 options:
a claim
a reason or reasons attached to the claim with a because clause
both of these
neither of these
Question 5 (10 points)
The word enthymeme comes from the Greek for
Question 5 options:
good timing
in mind
emotional argument
logical thinking
Question 6 (10 points)
Aristotle showed how successful enthymemes root the speaker’s argument in assumptions,
beliefs, and values held by the audience.
Listeners or readers must have in mind an assumption, belief, or value that lets them supply
the missing premise.
If the audience is unwilling to supply the missing premise, then the argument ___________.
Question 6 options:
lacks evidence
succeeds
fails
lacks pathos
Question 7 (10 points)
Aristotle’s concept of the enthymeme focuses on the writer’s need to create what we now
call “audience-based reasons.” These are…
Question 7 options:
all of these
arguments effectively anchored within the audience’s beliefs and values
arguments effectively anchored in the writer’s beliefs and values
arguments the writer finds persuasive
Question 8 (10 points)
A self-announcing or closed-form thesis(guided thesis) does two things: it states the
______________ before beginning the body of the argument, and it __________ the
structure to follow.
Question 8 options:
premise, summarizes
forecast, claims
claim, analyzes
claim, forecasts
Question 9 (10 points)
When writing the guided thesis, a general rule of thumb is to place your most important
reason or most interesting reason ___________, where it will have the greatest impact on
your reader.
Question 9 options:
last
first
any of these work
in the middle
Question 10 (10 points)
The example argument on pages 47-49 does not have a guided thesis, However, she does
use reasons as topic sentences for her body paragraphs. She has four reasons total. Write a
new guided thesis for Carmen’s essay using her claim and adding her reasons. Try to make
your thesis parallel(the reasons should use a similar or parallel structure).
Question 1 (10 points)
Logos refers to…
Question 1 options:
the emotion of argument supported by narratives and vivid language
the credibility of an argument exhibited through the author’s credentials
none of these is correct
the strength of an argument’s support and its internal consistency
Question 2 (10 points)
Writing Arguments suggests that writers avoid using the
word prove, stating that the best one can hope for is to…
Question 2 options:
strengthen the resolve of those who agree with you and weaken the resistance of those who oppose
make a good case for something, rather than trying to prove something.
none of these is correct
strengthen the resolve of those who oppose you and weaken the resistance of those who agree with
Question 3 (10 points)
Writing Arguments suggests that real-world arguments
must be grounded in…
Question 3 options:
assumptions
all of these are correct
beliefs
values granted by the audience
Question 4 (10 points)
An enthymeme is an incomplete logical structure that
includes
Question 4 options:
a claim
a reason or reasons attached to the claim with a because clause
both of these
neither of these
Question 5 (10 points)
The word enthymeme comes from the Greek for
Question 5 options:
good timing
in mind
emotional argument
logical thinking
Question 6 (10 points)
Aristotle showed how successful enthymemes root the
speaker’s argument in assumptions, beliefs, and values
held by the audience.
Listeners or readers must have in mind an assumption,
belief, or value that lets them supply the missing
premise.
If the audience is unwilling to supply the missing
premise, then the argument ___________.
Question 6 options:
lacks evidence
succeeds
fails
lacks pathos
Question 7 (10 points)
Aristotle’s concept of the enthymeme focuses on the
writer’s need to create what we now call “audience-based
reasons.” These are…
Question 7 options:
all of these
arguments effectively anchored within the audience’s beliefs and values
arguments effectively anchored in the writer’s beliefs and values
arguments the writer finds persuasive
Question 8 (10 points)
A self-announcing or closed-form thesis(guided thesis)
does two things: it states the ______________ before
beginning the body of the argument, and it __________
the structure to follow.
Question 8 options:
premise, summarizes
forecast, claims
claim, analyzes
claim, forecasts
Question 9 (10 points)
When writing the guided thesis, a general rule of thumb
is to place your most important reason or most
interesting reason ___________, where it will have the
greatest impact on your reader.
Question 9 options:
last
first
any of these work
in the middle
Question 10 (10 points)
The example argument on pages 47-49 does not have a
guided thesis, However, she does use reasons as topic
sentences for her body paragraphs. She has four reasons
total. Write a new guided thesis for Carmen’s essay using
her claim and adding her reasons. Try to make your
thesis parallel(the reasons should use a similar or parallel
structure).
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