COVID 19 Related to Travel Annotated Bibliography

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ali, Rafat (2014, June 3). The Rise of Experiential Travel. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from
https://skift.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/skift-peak-experiential-traveler-report1.pdf
Summary: ?The Rise of Experiential Travel?, published June 2014 by Skift in partnership with Peak
Destination Management Company, evaluates several key aspects of the fast growing tourism trend of
experiential travel.
The report begins by explaining the shift in travel trends and how consumers are increasingly seeking more
enriched unique travel experiences. These consumers are looking to use their travels as a mean to add
enrichment and fulfilment in their lives and are more willing to spend money on experiences than things. Not
only are consumers looking for these exploratory trips, but they are also looking to create relationships with
locals and other travelers during their travels, and with other consumers.
?According to our members, travelers want to forge deeper connections to the people, traditions and customs of
the places they are visiting, and these experiences add a meaningful and memorable component to a vacation,?
says Terry Dale, president/CEO of USTOA.
Rafat Ali, CEO and Co-Founder of Skift, explains that social media plays a very important factor in many
aspects of the tourism product and calls it the ?Instagram Effect?. This social media phenomenon explains that
today?s travelers are recording their memories by sharing breathtaking pictures of their adventures on social
media, creating an immediate desire in other consumers to go on amazing adventures of their own and share
their experience in return. The article discusses how, with all of the progress in technology, social media is not
only a good marketing tool, but also a great way to create unique relationships with consumers. However, many
travel brands are not utilizing social media to its full potential and are missing out on the opportunity to further
develop their customer service and their relationships with the consumers.
The report is concluded by summarizing that One-Size-Fits-All travel packages for mass tourism no longer
work in today?s travel industry, while variety equals value.
Annotation: I believe that Rafat Ali provides a very informative and thorough report on the current position of
experiential travel within the tourism industry. Throughout the 32-page report, there are many examples,
explanations, and research statistics to back the information provided, as well as actual cases to provide further
understanding through real-life situations. Because Skift is an established global industry intelligence platform
for the travel sector, I believe it is a credible and trustworthy source for industry trend reports.
2. Anderson, Wineaster (2015) Cultural tourism and poverty alleviation in rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania,
Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 13:3, 208-224, DOI: 10.1080/14766825.2014.935387
Summary: ?Cultural tourism and poverty alleviation in rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania?, published July
17, 2014 by Wineaster Anderson, investigates the impact of cultural tourism on the economic
wellbeing of small rural towns in Tanzania. The findings are based on research that was done through
survey, including eighty-five randomly picked households in rural Tanzania in 2013. Through this
survey, Anderson found that cultural tourism is a very important source for reliable income within the
surveyed towns of developing Africa. Although the benefits of cultural tourism varied by town, the
resonating benefit in all of them was the increase of household income, improved access to health and
education, and the decreased dependence on selling livestock or crops for income.
The study emphasizes that, due to its labour intensive nature, and its geographical expansion, cultural
tourism has great potential for having greatimportance in the economic and social sustainability and
development of these rural towns. The paper underlines that this sort of tourism is much easier for rural
communities to organize, as it requires a repackaging of what the community already has to offer
instead of building and developing new tourist attractions. This is actually even more important in said
communities, where, according to the World Bank, ?three-quarters of the two billion people in extreme
poverty are living?.
The study also underlines that, although there is ?strong evidence that if tourism was to be developed
and managed in a sustainable manner, it could make a significant contribution to alleviating poverty in
rural areas?, there must be certain policies in place to ensure the effective utilization of cultural tourism
in these rural regions.
Annotation: I found this paper very interesting because it is discussing the potential of cultural tourism being
an important tool for alleviating poverty in developing countries. As the study was only conducted in the region
of Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, the scope of the study is rather narrow. It would be interesting to see studies like this
one conducted in different regions around the world to see if cultural tourism could truly be a source of
sustainability and poverty alleviation in developing countries around the world.
3. Bos, Lilian; McCabe, Scott; Johnson, Sarah (2015). Learning never goes on holiday: an exploration of social
tourism as a context for experiential learning, Current Issues in Tourism, 18:9, 859-875, DOI:
10.1080/13683500.2013.790878
Summary: This paper studies the relation between social tourism and experiential education, and its effects on
students? learning outcomes and achievement. To begin, the author explains social tourism as a program
organized by the public sector to make more affordable travel experiences available to people with low
incomes, and how valuable it is for a child?s educational development and general life experiences. Listed
benefits of social tourism for individuals and families include having a break from routine, increased social
interaction, better mental health, broadening of experiences, strengthening of family relationships, and
development of independence. The paper then introduces the Experiential Learning Theory (ELT), which is
based on six propositions: (1) learning is best conceived as a process, not in terms of outcomes, (2) learning is a
continuous process grounded in experience; al learning is relearning, (3) learning requires the resolution of
conflicts regarding opposed methods of adaptation to the world, (4) learning is a holistic process of adaptation
to the world, (5) learning results from the transactions between the person and the environment, and (6) learning
is the process of creating knowledge. This concept has been found to be very valuable in tourism and hospitality
studies, as tourism experiences provide travelers with so many new and different sights, sounds, tastes, and
sensations, which all come into play in creating valuable learning experiences for students. Studies are showing
that most learning takes place outside of schools and other formal education settings, arguing that tourism and
experiential learning can in fact provide much value to the learning experience. The authors conduct a study on
the topic by interviewing and providing holidays to participating families, and analyzing the results of the study.
Their results showed that some aspects of ELT were easily associated with the family?s holiday experiences,
such as knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The analysis also brought to light additional important facets for
families in regards to experiential learning. These included decision-making, confidence, relaxation, and family
bonding. To conclude, the author reinstates that holidays can be considered valuable to education, and specifies
that experiential learning is mostly found within holidays with certain aspects (structured holidays, such as
abroad, group, itinerary, and guided holidays) because they are more often linked to the six propositions of
experiential learning. The authors argue that learning never goes on holiday because it does not stop when the
school bell rings, but continues in many different and unplanned ways. Finally, social tourism is said to be even
more important because it provides relaxation and changes of scenery for children from low income homes,
who do not necessarily get to experience and learn from adaptation to new environments and other ELT
propositions.
Annotation: Although the topic of this paper differs from the mainly common topic of this annotated
bibliography, I find it very relevant to today?s tourism industry and the experiential tourism niche. The values of
tourism have become widely known throughout the past years in the contexts of self-development and
education. However, these tourism experiences are not within reach of all demographics. This paper shows the
important role that social tourism plays in the educational and experiential sectors of tourism, as well as in
education in general. The study conducted in this paper was done methodically, exploring theories and
arguments, and in collaboration with well-established organizations, making it a credible and trustworthy
source.
4. Di Domenico, MariaLaura; Miller, Graham (2011). Farming and tourism enterprise: Experiential authenticity
in the diversification of independent small-scale family farming. Tourism Management, Volume 33, Issue 2,
April 2012, Pages 285-294, ISSN 0261-5177, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.007.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517711000719)
Summary: This journal article, published in the Tourism Management journal in 2011, explains the very real
situation that is occurring in today?s economy, which is that smaller-scale traditional family farms are being
forced to diversify their industry due to the pressures placed on farm practices by large-scale industrial farms.
Because of this pressure, small family farms must look to diversification into farm-based experiential tourism to
survive. This article examines the views of independent farming families in the Yorkshire and East Anglia
regions of the United Kingdom in regards to the challenge they face in this transition. Due to the complexity of
the topic of farm-based tourism entrepreneurship, the authors chose an empirical research method by
interviewing and observing farming families within the noted region. The study found that, when deciding
whether to retain the working farm in its original state, and the extent to which this would be adapted to
accommodate visitors, the farming family members would make a decision based on factors including their own
lifestyle, income, business focus, and attachment to place. Based on the study, the main reason for recognition
of the need to diversify among the farmers is the economic pressure with which they are faced. Because of this,
many farmers are reluctant to the change and still aim to maintain their traditional farming activities, creating a
sense of resentment towards this new shift. Some farmers, however, saw this change as an opportunity to take
on the role of educators and create awareness and knowledge about their farming lifestyle. During the
diversification, some attractions were highly integrated into normal farming activities, while others were
segmented and kept separate from the farm; creating a ?front stage? versus ?back stage? scenario. The research
also uncovered that the farming families generally fell under one of two categories: modifier or switcher. The
modifiers are described in the article to understand and recognize the need for diversification, but wish to keep
farming as their primary self-categorization. In the long run, the modifiers wish to be able to return to their
original state of exclusively farming. The switchers, in this article, are described to have a positive attitude
towards and embrace this change, and change their self-categorization from farmer to tourism business
entrepreneurs. Long term, switchers wish to stay as tourism business entrepreneurs and separate from farming
altogether. It is also noted that many farm-based entrepreneurs will end up separating from farming when
tourism activity grows, as it is very difficult to manage the two businesses. This last scenario creates a dialogue
because many within the industry question whether it provides true authentic experiences. To conclude, the
authors argue that ?the issue of authenticity in tourism has a significant moral dimension, but replication is not
intrinsically immoral unless there is a deception?.
Annotation: I found this article very interesting because is it a study of real cases within the industry and
demonstrates the conflicts and challenges that come with such a change. I believe this source to be very
trustworthy and credible, as the co-authors are established professionals and professors from the Hospitality &
Tourism and Management departments of the University of Surrey. I also believe this study to be trustworthy
because of the explanation of terms and research methods. I did find this article to be quite dry in the beginning,
as it did focus on defining the research parameters, terms, and methods. The results and discussion portion of
the article was, however, very interesting to read.
5. Government of Canada (2013, March 27). Tourism and Official Language Minority Communities (OLMC) Final Report for Industry Canada: Tourism Industry Trends. Retrieved October 03, 2016, from
http://www.tourism.gc.ca/eic/site/034.nsf/eng/00395.html
Summary: The ?Tourism Industry Trends? report, published in March 2013 by the Government of Canada,
explains the role of experiential tourism in today?s industry, as well as other similar popular trends and how
they affect tourism businesses today.
This report describes experiential tourism as ?the trend that seems to be dominating the tourism industry?, and
explains that today?s travel consumers want ?experiences? rather than generic mass-produced tourism products.
These experiences include exploring different environments, engaging with locals, and learning about local
customs and lifestyles, which all come into play in creating “memorable authentic cultural experiences that are
personal, engage the senses, and make connections on an emotional, spiritual, or intellectual level.”
In this report, experiential tourism is also related to ecotourism, stating that it is very similar to the human
dimension of the latter. Other similar industry trends discussed in this report are community tourism, fair-trade
tourism, and responsible tourism. These trends, much like experiential tourism, are changing the way travelers
are seeing the world by further developing the visitor?s sense of responsibility and fairness towards the
destination communities and their inhabitants.
Annotation: I found this report to be informative in that it explains experiential tourism and its related trends in
a way that is short but concise. I believe that the purpose of this report is not that of providing a detailed
analysis of this industry trend, but rather of providing a general overview of the industry and its trends to the
general public. I believe the source to be very credible and trustworthy, as it comes from the federal
government?s own research.
6. Kaimikaua, Charmaine, Phd.; Salvatore, Liza, MA (year unknown). Tales from the Olive Groves: The
Politics of Communicating Spatial Identity, Entrepreneurship, Empowerment and Preserving Cultural Heritage
through Experiential Tourism for Local Olive Growers during Harvest Time in Sant?Elia, Fiumerapido, Italy.
Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Summary: In this dissertation, Charmaine Kaimikaua, Phd, and Liza Salvatore, MA, explore the reality of
experiential tourism through olive harvesting in the region of Sant?Elia in Fiumerapido, Italy.
The dissertation begins with an explanation that tourism is a vital source of economic stability and livelihood
for many countries and destinations; and that for this reason, tourism should not be ?dismissed as just a simple
activity of ?travel? but a temporal space filled with multiple agendas and purposes that are deeply embroiled
and hidden within politics?. The authors also explain that experiential tourism enables the traveler to actively
participate in a tourism experience by immersing themselves and all of their senses into the destination, and
create ?direct meaning through lived experiences?. From the tourism producer perspective, the authors explain
experiential tourism to be both an action and methodology to ignite a cultural dialogue, create unique
experiences, help preserve local culture and environments, and provide economic sustainability for the region.
Further on, the dissertation explains the direct impact of experiential tourism through olive harvesting in
Sant?Elia, based on interviews conducted with two local olive harvesters. For this particular town, utilizing the
olive harvesting as a tourism experience enables the tourist to take part in an engaging and memorable
experience rather than observation, and is leaving with a more developed understanding of the local customs
and traditions. By sharing this experience with tourists, the town is able to benefit from the underlying
objective, which is supporting sustainable tourism through the development of a local network of businesses
and producers. For example, olive-harvesting tourism can help support local farmers and fishermen through
knowledge of occupational traditions for tourists, as well as local businesses such as restaurants and stores. This
tourism experience also supports preservation of the local land and groves, as well as the historical culture and
its traditions (which in turn helps with local pride).
The main challenge for this tourism experience, as explained in the dissertation, is that there is a lack of
government support for olive harvesting tourism, and tourism in general. Salvatore believes that if there was a
presence of governmental support for this initiative, it could boost all related tourism industries in the region to
develop a sustainable network and could also encourage the younger population to stay within the community
and create their own businesses.
Annotation: I found this dissertation very interesting because it gives a concrete example of the implications of
experiential tourism in a rural destination that is not a traditionally popular tourist destination. I believe this
source to be relatively trustworthy and credible, as the research is based on interviews with locals who can attest
to the situation through personal experience.
7. Lew, Alan A. (2011) Understanding Experiential Authenticity through the Best Tourism Places, Tourism
Geographies, 13:4, 570-575, DOI:
10.1080/14616688.2011.588245
Summary: In this article, Understanding Experiential Authenticity through the Best Tourism Places, Alan Lew
explains the views that were presented at a panel session at the Association of American Geographers? (AAG)
annual meeting in 2011. This session was organized by the AAG?s Recreation, Tourism and Sport Specialty
Group and had the topic of ?The Best Tourism Places?. During this panel session, panelists from different
universities around the globe presented their takes on what makes the best tourism destination. Although
panelist opinions differed, there were underlying similarities and relationships between some presentations.
For example, the article begins with Alan Lew?s (Northern Arizona University) view that the best tourism
destination is one that is a top contender, offering a range of different opportunities for different-minded tourists
seeking different kinds of activities and experiences. His conclusion was that the best tourism destinations had
the characteristics of: 1) sensual diversity – sight, taste, smell, touch; 2) landscape diversity – physical and
human; 3) experiential diversity – both predictable/safe and some unpredictable/risk; 4) mixed accessibility mostly easy, but with some challenges; 5) local authenticity – local tourists and people at major sites; and 6)
tourism incognita – mysteries that prompt exploration.
However, David Truly (Autonoma Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico) and Dallen Timothy (Arizona State
University) presented contrary ideas. Truly introduced the idea of the word best be replaced by special and
conceptualized in three different ways: special as a means to compete, special as ambience, and special as in
offering or products. He then also explained that ?the better a place is at enhancing what is special about it, the
more competitive it will be in the global tourism economy.?
To follow, Timothy argued that the best tourism destinations are those without any tourists and gave the
examples of Bhutan (which limits international visitors), the Shan state of Myanmar, and a private tour of the
back-region of the Vatican. He expressed that exploring a destination?s back-region or ?backstage? has been
widely argued to be one of most tourists? ultimate travel goals, as it is considered to provide a more authentic
experience of said destination.
The author of the article summarizes these presentations by suggesting that perhaps what the best tourism places
have in common is that they give the visitor a ?special experience that is deeply felt and long remembered.?
Annotation: I thought this article to be very interesting and thought provoking because it showed different
opinions of industry experts. I think that this article is somewhat trustworthy and credible, although it is mostly
based on personal opinion rather than concrete data and research. Though it is not as much of a quantitative
study of the industry trend of experiential tourism, it does, however, create a discussion and invites the reader to
reflect on the topic.
8. Lynch, M., Duinker, P. N., Sheehan, L. R., & Chute, J. E. (2011, October). The demand for Mi?kmaw
cultural tourism: Tourist perspectives. 32(5), 977-986.
Summary: This article examines the increasing demand for Mi?kmaw cultural tourism activities in Nova Scotia
by studying tourist interests and motivations. The study included questioning tourists to identify how they
would like to experience Mi?kmaw culture, their attitudes towards types of activities, and their motivations for
participating in Mi?kmaw cultural tourism. The article begins by describing cultural tourism, Aboriginal
tourism, and the challenges faced by the latter. These challenges include developing effective marketing
strategies to attract tourists to sometimes-remote aboriginal sites, providing authentic Aboriginal experiences
while avoiding misrepresentation caused by entertaining of tourists, and creating heterogeneous ?learning
spaces? that welcome exploration and curiosity rather than shallow ?dead spaces? (cultural artifacts stored in
glass casings). The article explains that ?a sustainable Aboriginal tourisms sector must include an Aboriginally
owned and operated activity, proper development of the tourism product, effective marketing, and partnerships
between host communities and the travel industry?. In addition to this, the importance of using tourist
perspectives to develop a sustainable Aboriginal tourism product is stressed and gives way to the study of the
matter. The study method used to research this topic was a survey administered in person at two different Nova
Scotia Visitor Information Centres in the province (Halifax & Amherst), asking tourists to complete a paperbased questionnaire. The results of this study showed that younger demographics were not as keen on taking
time to fill out the questionnaire mentioned, making the largest age groups 55-64 (28.8%) and 45-54 (21.9%).
Other findings included a high percentage (71.9%) of surveyed tourists who had never participated in
Aboriginal tourism activities, and a high rate (82.7%) of tourists who had not seen advertising for Mi?kmaw
cultural tourism activities in Nova Scotia. Based on these same results, over half of tourists expressed interest in
visiting a Mi?kmaw cultural site while in Nova Scotia. However, a fairly large percentage of tourists said they
were unsure when answering the same question, suggesting they are unfamiliar with Mi?kmaw cultural tourism
and that there is a large gap in awareness for this particular niche. Other results showed that, from a list of
Mi?kmaw cultural tourism activities, tourists rated their interest lower when the activity required higher
amounts of time and interaction with the Mi?kmaw hosts, which is related to the Passive Cultural Learning
Group (?high levels of interest in ethnic tourism, but more particularly in experiences which focused on cultural
learning rather than direct contact experiences?). An independence study was also made, which revealed a
strong correlation between education level and tourists? interest in participating in Mi?kmaw cultural tourism
activities, whereas the higher the education levels, the higher the interest. Another correlation discovered is
between province of origin and interest. Tourists visiting from Western and Atlantic provinces showed the most
interest in learning about Mi?kmaw culture through Aboriginal tourism activities. Finally, a valuable finding for
marketers is that, from the list if Mi?kmaw cultural tourism activities included in the questionnaire, tourists
showed the most interest in visiting Mi?kmaw archeological sites and cultural interpretive centers. The activities
with the least amount of interest involved participating in a canoe-making workshop and over-night Mi?kmaw
wilderness retreat. These findings are valuable in developing effective and interesting Aboriginal tourism
experiences.
Annotation: I found this article to be interesting because it studies the market demand and interest for
Mi?kmaw cultural tourism in Nova Scotia. The study was conducted by four professors from Dalhousie
University and Mount Saint Vincent University, using clear and thorough research methods. I believe this
article to be credible and trustworthy due to its research methods and the researchers involved.
9. Shankman, S. (2015, February 02). Interview: Abercrombie & Kent CEO on the Roots of Experiential
Travel. Retrieved October 11, 2016, from https://skift.com/2015/02/02/interview-abercrombie-kent-ceo-oninventing-experiential-travel/
Summary: This article is an edited version of the interview conducted by Skift reporter, Samantha Shankman,
with CEO and founder of travel brand Abercrombie & Kent, Geoffrey Kent. The article begins by describing
Abercrombie & Kent as a long-standing ambassador for experiential travel by providing luxury experiential
holidays for travelers since1962. Although several different topics are discussed, the prevailing subjects are the
importance and impact of social media on the experiential tourism industry, the concept of luxurious
experiential travel, the impact of geopolitical events on business, and how to overcome the environmental and
cultural impact of tourism growth.
Kent explains how, due to their origins of providing photography-based Safari tours, the development of mobile
photography-friendly technology is a very positive impact of the rise of social media. From a marketing
standpoint, social media has become a very important tool for connecting with travelers, connecting hundreds of
thousands of people with photos of the brand?s travel experiences. As for the presence of luxury in experiential
tourism, Kent explains that for the brand?s particular traveler, luxurious accommodations are a way to have
balance between authentic experiences and comfort. Finally, Smith explains his view on overcoming the
environmental and cultural impacts of tourism on host destinations. He expresses his opinion that destinations
should aim for low impact and maximum yield, meaning that access should be granted to a limited number of
people per day, while raising the price of admission ? bringing in more money for the community and
protecting the area.
Annotation: I find this interview to be very interesting, as it showcases a company that has experienced firsthand the development and growth of experiential tourism. I believe this source to be relatively credible and
trustworthy, as it is published by an established global travel industry intelligence platform, and its content is
based on the concrete experiences of a well-established entrepreneur within the specific industry niche of
experiential tourism.
10. Smith, William, L. Experiential Tourism around the World and at Home: Definitions and Standards.
International Journal of Services and Standards
Summary: William L. Smith begins this dissertation by explaining experiential tourism and its encompassing
definitions and theories. He explains that there are two sets of dimensions, being customer participation
(ranging from passive to active) and connection or environmental relationship (ranging from absorption to
immersion). From there, the four realms (active, passive, absorption & immersion) are categorized as either:
Entertainment (passive, absorption), Educational (active, absorption), Escapist (active, immersion), and Esthetic
(passive, immersion). According to this scheme, the fullest experience would involve aspects from all four
realms.
Further on in his dissertation, Smith describes different tourism initiatives such as network tourism, the
development of interpretive highways, the explosion of interpretive centers, and movement towards regional
base camps. In addition, Smith reviews a set list of standards, which he proposes be used for the evaluation and
further research of experiential tourism destinations and experiences. This set of twenty standards could be used
as a type of checklist (presence or absence of standard) or evaluation (rating each standard from one to five).
Standards would be used to measure quality of experience, level of impact on destination (environmental,
economic, social, etc.), level of interaction for tourists, level of opportunities for tourist education and
enrichment, etc.
Annotation: I believe this dissertation to be credible and trustworthy, as the author clearly cited many credible
and trustworthy sources for definitions, statistics, and examples. Although, a large portion of this work is also
based on Smith?s own proposition of using the set of standards for experiential tourism, I feel it is still relatively
trustworthy due to Smith?s accreditation and list of published works in several industry journals (International
Journal of Management and Enterprise Development, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, the
Journal of Business and Management, the International Journal of Service Industries Management, etc.)
WRITING AN ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AGENDA
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What is an annotated bibliography?
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The process
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Critically appraising and analyzing
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Reflection
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Examples
WHAT IS AN ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY?
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An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to articles,
journals and books. Each citation is followed by a brief
descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The
purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the
relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
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Included in the Annotated Bibliography is:
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A list of sources for an assignment/project/topic
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Organized alphabetically
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Citations provided for each source
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Each citation followed by a brief, descriptive paragraph
(Summary and Annotation)
THE PROCESS
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Locate and record the citations for the various articles, journals
and books that you will be using for your assignment
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Cite them in APA citation style for your discipline
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Write a brief paragraph about the article
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Summarize the source?s themes and/or argument
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Critically analyze and evaluate the source
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Reflect on how the source fits into your topic
CRITICALLY EVALUATING A SOURCE
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Intended audience
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Who was the publication written for?
Validity of the information
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Was this paper well-researched and have evidence to back it up?
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Are the arguments in-line with other work on the topic?
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Is the point of view objective?
Coverage
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Does it cover the topic well?
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Does this s