DAV PS Greek Heritage Discussion

Activity 4.1 Types of Text
The table below lists the most common written sources used by students. Work
with a partner to consider their likely advantages and disadvantages, using the
options below.
Text Type
Textbook
Website
Journal Article
Official Report (From
Government etc.)
Newspaper or Magazine
Article
E-Book
Advantages
Written for students
Disadvantages
May be too general
Options:
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?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Easily accessible
Usually up to date
May be too general
May be too specialised or complex
Written for students
Easy to read and up-to-date
Must be read on the screen
May have a narrow focus
Possibly unreliable or unedited
Often focuses on a special area
May not be objective and not give sources
Contains a lot of detail
Activity 4.2 Selecting Sources
Imagine you are studying Tourism Marketing. Read the 4 extracts below and
decide which ones are suitable for academic use and which ones are not. Give
reasons for your decisions, and when completed share you answers with a
partner.
Text
1.1
Suitable?
Yes
Reason?
It summarises some relevant research and includes citation.
1.2
1.3
1.4
1
2
5 – EVALUATING INTERNET SOURCES
Activity 5.1.
Imagine you?re studying Tourism Marketing. You have been asked to prepare
a short presentation on the subject of Mongolia?s potential to become a top
travel destination for Western tourists. Part of your presentation needs to
provide a country profile for Mongolia, and you have decided to start your
research on the Internet. Look at the screenshot below showing top 6 search
results on Google and complete the table that follows.
3
4
Credibility ranking
Website
Justification
5
1 (most credible)
2
3
4
5
6 (least credible)
Activity 5.2.
a) Look at the following domain names. What do you think each abbreviation
means?
.gov ?
.ac ?academic? ?
.edu ?
.co.uk ?
.net ?
.com ?
b) Which of those domain names indicate reliable websites? Which of them
point to websites that are likely to lack credibility? Which are somewhere in
between? Justify your answers.
Even though a domain name can be a relatively good indicator of a source?s
credibility you must still assess it fully before using it in your academic
assignment. To do so, you should look at all 5 credibility criteria:
AUTHORITY, RELIABILITY, OBJECTIVITY, CURRENCY and ACADEMIC
CONVENTIONS
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You will then use your notes to answer several comprehension questions.
STEP 3: You have 10-12 minutes for your discussion. Each person should try to
make at least one contribution to the discussion.
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VOCABULARY FOCUS CHAPTER 1
Use an English-English dictionary to check the meaning of the following words
taken from AWL Sublist 1, then write a definition and an example sentence.
a) analyse
______________________________________________________________
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b) assume
______________________________________________________________
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c) authority
______________________________________________________________
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d) concept
______________________________________________________________
__consistent
______________________________________________________________
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e) derived
______________________________________________________________
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f) factor
______________________________________________________________
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g) indicate
______________________________________________________________
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h) occur
______________________________________________________________
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i) policy
______________________________________________________________
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j) principle
______________________________________________________________
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k) response
______________________________________________________________
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CHAPTER 2
Aims
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?
?
?
?
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To practise reading and listening skills
To practise evaluating sources and completing source reports
To elicit and practise using language of cause and effect
To introduce common organisational patterns of cause and effect essays
To raise awareness of the importance of essay outlines in the assignment writing
process
To practise writing essay outlines
1 – READING SKILLS
Activity 1.1
a) Work in small groups. Discuss the following questions:
1. What are the main causes of childhood obesity?
2. Why has this problem become worse in the last 25 years?
3. Who is to blame for obesity among children?
4. Why do so many children diagnosed as overweight become obese, despite
GPs? warnings to parents?
5. What are the consequences of childhood obesity?
6. What are the possible treatment options for obese children? How effective do
you think they are?
b) Compare your answers with another group.
Activity 1.2
Match the following medical terms with their explanations:
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AETIOLOGY
a) a medical procedure whereby the size of the
patient’s stomach is reduced
OBESOGENIC
b) connected to hormones
ENDOCRINE
c) a cause or a set of causes leading to the
development of a disease
BARIATRIC SURGERY
d) likely to cause obesity
Activity 1.3
Read the article ?Childhood Obesity? and answer questions 1-10.
1. The article discusses the use of BMI measurements in determining whether a
child is obese.
What are the limitations of the BMI measurements when defining childhood obesity?
How can these limitations be overcome?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______
2. Read the following quotation from Section 2:
?An understanding of the complex aetiology of childhood obesity is helpful
to appreciate the changes required to manage obesity in childhood. The
causes of obesity are complex and multifactorial, involving an interaction
of our modern, obesogenic environment and individual lifestyle choices.?
Sentences (a) to (e) below are paraphrases of the above excerpt. Three are
incorrect, two are acceptable. Label the two acceptable paraphrases and add the
reason why the others are incorrect from the words and phrases below.
plagiarised
incorrect
meaning
incorrect citation
acceptable paraphrase
Stewart believes that the way people interact with the a)
environment in modern society is one of the reasons behind
childhood obesity (Stewart, 2010)
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The article stresses the importance of understanding what b)
causes childhood obesity and identifies ?an interaction of our
modern, obesogenic environment and individual lifestyle
choices? as one of the main reasons for the problem (Stewart,
2010 p. 42).
According to Stewart (2010), obesity is caused by a c)
combination of personal and environmental factors.
Knowing the factors causing obesity in children is very d)
important, as it can help people understand what needs to be
done in order to deal with childhood obesity (Stewart, 2010).
According to Stewart (2010) childhood obesity is caused by e)
multifactorial reasons involving a complex interaction of the
modern obesogenic environment and individual lifestyle
choices.
3. What are the 3 commonly cited causes of obesity among children?
a)
b)
c)
4. According to Section 3, which of the following is correct?
a) While the relationship between genetics and obesity is now better understood, it
has not yet had a wide-spread effect on the way doctors manage cases of
childhood obesity among their patients.
b) While the relationship between genetics and obesity is now better understood,
there are still very few children attending specialist day clinics.
c) While the relationship between genetics and obesity is now better understood, the
number of clinically obese children has not been effectively reduced.
5. Complete the summary of section 4 using a word or phrase from the box in each
gap.
more
resulting
at risk
mental
slightly
unlikely
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physical
significantly
Chapter 2
leading
increase
affect
Research suggests that obese children are likely to become obese adults. The
probability
of
weight
problems
continuing
into
adulthood
increases
a)____________ for those are still obese as teenagers. Sufferers of childhood
obesity are b)____________ of developing high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes
and fatty liver disease, all of which may continue to c) ____________ their
health in adulthood. Consequences of childhood obesity, however, extend far
beyond the sphere of d) ____________. It has been reported that girls in
particular are at risk of developing psychological and behavioural problems
related to poor self-esteem e)___________ from weight issues. Researchers
have also noted long-term socio-economic effects, pointing out that women who
were obese as children or adolescents earn f)____________ as adults.
6. The article goes on to discuss methods of assessing obesity in children.
Underline the correct word in bold and complete the sentence
Waits measurement is an effective/ineffective method of diagnosing obesity in
children. This is because?
7. Complete the following paraphrase of section 6, using no more than ?.words
and/or a number from the text in each gap
Doctors often find it a)____________ to talk about weight issues with families
of obese children. This is because many parents fail to b____________ signs
of obesity in their own children, and may see discussions of these issues as
criticism of their parenting skills. Research suggests that while a
c)____________ approach is recommended, it should be ensured that such
conversations are conducted in an d)____________ and non-judgemental
manner. It is also important to note that parents tend to find questions
regarding their children?s physical activity levels less threatening that those
about their eating habits, as the former are seen as less critical of their
e)____________.
8. According to Section 7, why is the parents’ involvement crucial in managing
children’s weight?
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___________________________________________________________________
___
9. Who might possibly benefit from anti-obesity drugs according to Section 8?
___________________________________________________________________
___
10. Find a word or phrase from the text with a similar meaning
strong effect or influence (Section 1)
a)
too much; more than necessary or desired (section 2)
b)
happening at the same time (section 3)
c)
continues to exist (section 4)
d)
sign (of something) (section 5)
e)
showing an ability to understand and share the feelings
of another (section 6)
f)
started/began (section 7)
g)
becoming known or apparent (section 8)
h)
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Activity 1.4
Imagine you are to write an essay in response to the following task:
Identify the main causes of childhood obesity and discuss
its effects on a child?s physical and mental well-being.
While doing your research you find Laura Stewart?s article and decide to use it in your
work.
Complete the source evaluation table for Stewart?s article in relation to the essay
task above.
Bibliographic entry (end-of-text reference):
Why have you chosen this source? Assess its credibility with reference to:
authority, reliability of evidence or data, currency, objectivity and the use of
expected academic conventions.
How is the source relevant to your title?
Useful points made in the text are:
2 – EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT
Activity 2.1
Working in small groups discuss the following questions:
Is it the sole responsibility of the parents to educate their children about
healthy eating? If so, should they be held accountable for failing to keep
their children?s weight at a healthy level? If not, who should share the
responsibility for ensuring children do not become obese as a result of
unhealthy eating habits?
Activity 2.2 Listening and Note-Taking
a) Watch Jamie Oliver?s TED talk on his anti-obesity project in West Virginia. Take
notes as you listen.
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You will then use your notes to answer several comprehension questions and
respond to the following task:
Summarise: What are the main causes of childhood
obesity identified in the talk?
Evaluate: Which one of the issues raised by Jamie
Oliver contributes most to the problem of childhood
obesity in your opinion?
TEDTalk Link: https://www.ted.com/talks/jamie_oliver
b) Read the question below and using the notes you have taken in Activity
1.2a, see how many you can already answer. You will have 10 minutes to read
the questions and answer as many of them as you can before watching the
video again.
1. What do the following numbers refer to?
a) ?:
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b) 10%:
c) 300 billion:
d) 7:
2. Jamie Oliver talks about people he have met in the US who have been affected by
the obesity epidemic. Match the person with the impact obesity had on them by
writing (i-vii) in the correct place One of the options will not be needed.
PERSON
ANSWER
IMPACT
a) Brittany
i. Gets bullied because of their weight
b) Justin
ii. Died of obesity
c) Katie
iii. Has 6 years left because of the damage their diet
did to their liver
d) Marissa?s
uncle
iv. Has never been taught how to cook
v. Gets bullied because of their weight
3. Complete the notes below on supermarket practices and home situation of many
Americans. Use no more than 3 words and/or a number in each gap
?
SUPERMARKETS
?
?
30 years ago -> local and fresh food
now -> food is a)____________ and full of additives
b)____________ size: too big.
labelling = disgrace
past -> home was the heart of passing on c)____________ this
HOME
has not been the case for the past d) ____________.
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4. Jamie Oliver goes on to talk about the situation in schools. Complete the
summary, filling in each gaps with NO MORE than 2 words and/or a number from the
talk.
The purpose of school has always been to teach children skills necessary to
survive and thrive in the world. However, according to Jamie Oliver, American
schools do not seem to have a)____________ enough to deal with the health
crisis in the US effectively. Nearly 31 million children eat breakfast and lunch at
school b)____________ a year, yet the food they receive there is inadequate
despite the best efforts of the c)____________ in America. This is because the
people who run the school canteens are not d)____________ about food ?
indeed, they are mostly accountants who have tight e)____________ and no food
expertise. As a result, instead of looking for creative ways to offer children healthy
food, they settle for buying cheap things: highly processed f)____________ with
hardly any vegetables.
5. Why does Jamie Oliver think having no knives and forks in schools is a big
problem?
___________________________________________________________________
___
6. Which of the following is true?
a) Jamie Oliver believes children in schools are only made to drink milk as school
boards are paid money for it
b) Jamie Oliver believes adding flavouring to milk is only acceptable if it will make
more children drink it.
c) Jamie Oliver believes that the changes made to milk served in schools that have
made it unhealthy amount to child abuse.
7. What should be the role of food ambassadors in big supermarkets?
___________________________________________________________________
___
8. How much local sustainable funding per school did Jamie Oliver manage to find in
Huntington?
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___________________________________________________________________
___
9. Why does Jamie Oliver think an English person like himself should care about the
situation in America?
___________________________________________________________________
___
c) Based on the notes you?ve taken in Activity 2.2a, complete the task below:
10 How likely do you think it is that the trend of obesity around the world will
continue in the future? Circle the word in bold in the sentence below which
indicates your position and provide support. (2 marks each, 6 marks total)
Positio Based on the information in the lecture, I believe it is likely / unlikely that the
n:
trend of obesity around the world will continue in future because?
Evide
nce /
Exam
ple 1
Evalu
ation
The lecturer states:
/
____________________________________________________________ 2
________________________________________________________
This supports my position
because?.__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Reaso
The lecturer states:
n/
/
Exam ____________________________________________________________ 2
ple 2
________________________________________________________
Evalu
ation
This supports my position
because?.__________________________________________________
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Reaso
The lecturer states:
n/
Exam __________________________________________________________
ple 3
Evalu
ation
/
2
This supports my position
because?.__________________________________________________
/6
CAUSE OR EFFECT FIRST?
We often have to consider the order of these two ideas, i.e. which one is the cause
and which one is the effect? This is because some of the cause & effect
words/phrases follow the cause and precede the effect, and some of them follow the
effect and precede the cause:
CAUSE ? x ? EFFECT
EFFECT ? x ? CAUSE
so
because
causes
because of
is a cause of
is a result of
is a factor in
is caused by
brings about
is due to
is on account of
The reason for
consequently
is attributed to
which means that
is owing to
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NOUN PHRASES
In addition, we often have to change the grammar of the two sentences in order to
link them together using the cause/effect phrases. Usually this involves changing
one or both of the simple sentences into a noun or a noun phrase.
e.g. Johnny is fat ? Johnny?s obesity
Have a look at the examples below:
He eats too much ? His overeating
CAUSE ? x ? EFFECT
EFFECT ? x ? CAUSE
Johnny eats too much so he is fat.
Johnny is fat because he eats too much.
Johnny eats too much, consequently he is
Johnny?s obesity is on account of his overeating.
fat.
Johnny eats too much, which means that
he is fat.
The reason for Johnny?s obesity is his
overeating.
Johnny?s overeating causes his obesity.
He is fat because of his overeating.
Johnny?s overeating is a cause of his
obesity.
Johnny?s obesity is a result of his overeating.
Johnny?s overeating is a factor in his
obesity.
Johnny?s obesity is caused by his overeating.
Johnny?s overeating brings about his
obesity.
Johnny?s obesity is due to his overeating.
Johnny?s obesity is attributed to his overeating.
Johnny is fat owing to his overeating.
Describing cause and effect: useful language
Adapted from: Manchester University. (2014). Academic Phrasebank. Retrieved on
November 1, 2013, from
http://www.phrasebank.manchester.ac.uk/causes.htm
A great deal of academic work involves understanding and suggesting solutions to
problems. Some of the language that you may find useful for explaining causes and
effects is listed below:
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VERBS EXPRESSING CAUSALITY
A lack of protein
may cause
can lead to
can result in
low levels of energy.
Low levels of chlorine in the
body
can give rise to
high blood pressure.
Much of the instability
stems from
the economic effects of the
war.
Kwashiorkor is a disease
Beri-beri is a disease
Scurvy is a disease
caused by
resulting from
stemming from
insufficient protein.
vitamin deficiency.
lack of vitamin C.
NOUNS EXPRESSING CAUSALITY
The most likely causes of X are poor diet and lack of exercise.
A consequence of vitamin A deficiency is blindness.
Physical activity is an important factor in maintaining fitness.
Many other medications have an influence on cholesterol levels.
Another reason why Xs are considered to be important is that …….
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES EXPRESSING CAUSALITY
200,000 people per year become deaf
owing to
because of
as a result of
a lack of iodine.
SENTENCE CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CAUSALITY
If undernourished children do survive to
become adults, they have decreased
learning ability.
Therefore,
Consequently,
Because of this,
As a result (of
this),
when they grow up,
it will probably be
difficult for them to
find work.
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ADVERBIAL PHRASES EXPRESSING CAUSALITY
Malnutrition leads to illness and a reduced
ability to work in adulthood,
thus/thereby
perpetuating the
poverty cycle.
The warm air rises above the surface of
the sea,
thus/thereby
creating an area of
low pressure.
Activity 2.3
Think back to what you have read and listened to this week on the subject of
childhood obesity. Write 5 sentences about the causes and/or effects of weight
problems in children.
e.g. Too much time spent in front of TV causes children to become
overweight
1. _______________________________________________________________
___
2. _______________________________________________________________
___
3. _______________________________________________________________
___
4. _______________________________________________________________
___
5. _______________________________________________________________
___
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Activity 2.4
Read the story below about James. Correct all the cause and effect errors.
James was a student at university. He was studying chemical engineering because
of he was interested in explosions. His girlfriend split up with him last week as a
result of he set her hair on fire with an exploding candle that went wrong due to the
wrong mixture of chemicals. Consequently, James was feeling depressed so that
he went to the pub with his friends. He drank until he fell down the stairs. Owing to
he fell down he cut his head and as a result of going to hospital in an ambulance.
In hospital he contracted food poisoning because of the food was not being cooked
properly. This was on account of the new catering staff. James had to stay in
hospital for 5 weeks and this meant that he missed the end of term exams. It
wasn?t a great year for James. The end.
Activity 2.5
Now create your own short story to detail how this man,
Johnny Vegas, became so unhealthy and what might
happen as a result. Use at least 5 cause/effect adverbials.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
3 – CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAYS
Cause and effect essays examine why things happen (the cause) and what happens as a result
(the effects). You can organise the main body of a cause and effect essay in two ways: BLOCK
or CHAIN
BLOCK ORGANISATION
The 2 most common ways of organising BLOCK cause and effect essays are:
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1ST CAUSE
EFFECTS
2ND CAUSE
TRANSITION PARAGRAPH
3RD CAUSE
1ST CAUSE
TRANSITION
PARAGRAPH
2ND CAUSE
1ST EFFECT
3RD CAUSE
2ND EFFECT
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
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CHAIN ORGANISATION
INTRODUCTION
CAUSE
EFFECT
CAUSE
EFFECT
CAUSE
EFFECT
CONCLUSION
Activity 3.1
Activities 3.1 and 3.2 are adapted from: Pallant, A. (2012). English for Academic
Study. Writing. Reading: Garnet, pp.65-68.
Read the following student essay entitled:
Discuss the positive and negative effects of tourism on people and the
environment.
a) Identify the purpose of each paragraph. Make notes in the spaces provided below
and highlight key points that help you decide.
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Discuss the positive and negative effects of tourism on people and the
environment
(1) Since the end of the Second World War, the developed countries have made very
significant leaps in progress. A consequence of this development for the populations of
these countries has been that their standards of living have risen year after year. They
have now reached a situation in which most of the people are living a healthy and
comfortable life. Parallel to the rise in standards of living, many people have developed
a strong desire to visit different parts of the world, resulting in a steep rise in foreign
tourism. Nowadays, it is common for people to take a holiday in a foreign country rather
than in their own native country. This essay will attempt to discuss the effects of tourism
on people and environment.
(2) Most people tend to take a holiday at least once a year; for some people it is almost
a duty. Owing to the rising standards of living, people, especially from the developed
countries, do not hesitate to spend large amounts of money on the pleasure of having
a break far from their permanent residence. Travel agencies and tourism companies
have capitalised on this trend; they display advertisements with attractive pictures, and
offer affordable prices with the aim of enticing more people to travel the world on holiday.
This has caused the number of people who travel for their holidays to multiply many
times over the last few decades. As holiday makers tend to travel to tropical areas and
coastal towns where they can enjoy permanent sunshine, beaches or extensive forest
areas, it seems that no part of the world has been untouched by tourism.
(3) The millions of holidaymakers who travel the world looking for new places have
caused serious problems for the local population and for the environment of the
destination countries. In fact, one result of the rising numbers of tourists visiting
developing countries is that a certain proportion of the local population has developed
illegal activities. For instance, the trade in ivory products has increased at the expense
of elephants, especially in the Ivory Coast and Kenya (Hedgerott, 2011). Another
example is the trade in Siberian tiger furs which is threatening the species with extinction
(ibid.). Worse still, particularly in South Asia, the population has suffered from t