Description
Using APA Style ? APA Boot Camp
Marymount University
NU234
Why Do We Require that Students
Use APA Format and Writing Style?
? Develop a professional voice
? Shared writing style fosters shared values,
discipline , cohesion and cooperation
? Learn to follow a writing and citation style which a
significant number of peer reviewed publications
require
? APA used by the disciplines that are based in the
behavioral and social sciences
? American Medical Association Manual (AMA) of Style
is another format used by nursing journals such as
Advances in Nursing Science (ANS)
McDonald, 2011
Lets Start at the Very Beginning Cover Page
Running head: PROBLEM SOLVING IN NURSING
1
NOTE Running head
format
Problem Solving by Public Health Nurses: Differences
between Novices and Experts
Cherry Ames
Marymount University
NOTE ? NO DATE
Pg 41 Manual
Page 2
PROBLEM SOLVING IN NURSING
2
Note- title at
top centered
Problem Solving by Public Health Nurses:
Differences between Novices and Experts
This study examined differences in the cognitive processes between
novice and expert public health nurses (PHNs) by evaluating problem solving
NoteRunning
head
strategies used by PHNs as they solved problems typical of public health
practice. Differences were identified by analyzing verbal reports of nurse
participants who were instructed to ?think aloud? or verbalize their thoughts
as they solved public health problems (Ericsson & Simon, 1999; van Someren,
Barnard & Sandberg, 1994). This chapter first presents the background, the
theoretical framework, and the nature of expertise. This is followed by an
overview of types of problems, problem solving and expertise in nursing. The
chapter also includes a description of protocol analysis, the statement of
purpose, the research questions and hypotheses, the definition of terms and
concludes with the significance of the study.
By virtue of its diversity, nursing practice includes autonomous and
collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and
communities, sick or well and in all settings (International Council of Nurses,
n.d.).
APA Basics:
Margins 1in.
all around;
Lines double
spaced; 12
font, Times
New Roman
New Para.
Indent at
least 5-7
spaces (pg
229 Manual)
Citations in Text
? ?Cite the work of those individuals whose
ideas, theories, research have directly
influenced your work.? (Manual Pg 169 )
? Citing at the end of the paragraph does not tell
the reader that the entire paragraph is credited
to the author.
? Citation implies that you read the article
? Citing is generally done at the line by line level
(see example Manual top of pg 170 Figure 6.1)
Citing in Text
? Crediting sources in text IS ALWAYS AUTHOR AND
YEAR ?there are appropriate places to insert name
and year. There are 3 ways (no first name, no
initials)
? Watson, Garfinke, Gallop, Steven, and Steiner
(2000) identified higher empathetic scores in
nurses who were more educated.
? In a broad sense, research concerning expertise can
be approached in two different ways (Chi, 2006).
? In 1945, a seminal work by Miller suggested that
chunks??..
? It is NOT:
Cherry Helen Ames always wanted to be a flight nurse (1978).
Citing in Text
1 Author
2 Authors
3-5 Authors
6 Authors and more
Citing in Text
? One author citation.
Sarsfield (2017) suggested that blue was a
calming color. Decorators noted that the color
red in the house makes most people happy too
. Sarsfield found that within a paragraph,
authors do not need to include the year of an
already cited source in subsequent citations as
long as it is in the narrative and not the
parenthetical. Citing one author is easy .
(Pg 174 Manual)
Citing in Text
Note use and between 2
authors in the narrative
? Two author citation.
Sarsfield and Pitt (2017) found that the
Cherry Ames books were instrumental in
influencing young girls to become nurses.
Cherry Ames was having fun every where
she practiced nursing (Sarsfield & Joli,
2011). Always cite both names every time
the reference crops up in the text
(Sarsfield & Joli, 2018).
Note use & between 2
authors in the parenthesis
Citing in Text
? Three to five author citation.
Sarsfield, Clark, Harkness, Mateo, Donley
(2018) love to use APA formatting. It has
been found that APA formatting makes
people mad (Sarfield et al., 2016). Cite all
authors the first time the reference
happens. In successive citations, include
just the last name of the first author
followed by et al., year.
Citing in Text
? Six or more authors. YEAH!
Sarfield et al. (2015) are six authors so only
the first author and et al. are cited the
first time and every time in the narrative.
There is a period after et al.
In the reference list cite all six then ?.
And then the last author
References
? Really, really important that the
reference list (last page) match exactly
what sources you cited in the text.
? One purpose of the reference list -The
reader should be able to read your
paper and find the source easily in the
reference list and then be able to
retrieve it
Reference List
? Type the word ?References? on last page ?
centered ? no bolding
? Use ?hanging indent? for each entry
? Arrange in alphabetical order by the
surname of the first author
? Two entries for the same author- the
earlier work goes first
? Whole list is double spaced
Periodical (Journals)
Retrieved On Line
? Journal article with a Digital Object
Identifier (doi)
Romney, M. & Obama, B. (2012). The making of
health care reform. Health Affairs, 24, 525-534.
doi:10.1037/03453232-6133.34.225
? Journal article you retrieved on line but
there is no DOI ? use journal home page
Romney, M. & Obama, B. (2012). The making of
health care reform. Health Affairs, 24, 525-534.
Retrieved from http://www.healthaffairs.org/
Book and Edited Book
? Book
Author, A.A. (2012). Title of book. Location:
Publisher.
? Edited Book
Author, A., Author B. & Author C. (2012). Title
of chapter. In A.Editor & B.Editor (Eds.), Title
of book (pp. 21-25). Location: Publisher.
Pg 202 Manual
? In May 2012, the American Psychological
Association digitally released the APA
Style Guide to Electronic Resources, a PDF
adaptation of Chapter 6 of the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological
Association, Sixth Edition. This guide
clarifies some citation and reference
formats for new media and technologies.
? http://www.apastyle.org/products/
4210512.aspx (Costs around $12)
On Line Sources- Gray Literature
? For reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part
of the retrieval statement unless the publisher is the
author.
Government report
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010).
Nutrition. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/
Authored report non government
Micahud, J. & Moss, K. (2012). U.S. global health policy.
(Publication No. 8358). Retrieved from Kaiser family
Foundation website http://www.kff.org/globalhealth/
8358.cfm
(pg 206 Manual)
One Shot Deals
Abbreviations in text
Quoting
Numbers
Citing Organizations and Using Abbreviations
in the Text
? The first time a reference is cited :
The most recent statistics demonstrate that the
national prevalence rate for diabetes is greater than
10% (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2011).
OR if the organization starts the sentence:
? The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC,
2011) note that??.
? The second time its cited:
Approximately 75 percent of the West Nile cases have
been reported from 5 states (Texas, Mississippi,
Louisiana, South Dakota, and Oklahoma) and almost half
of all cases have been reported from Texas (CDC, 2011).
(Manual pg 177)
Quoting
? Author, year and page number after the
quote ?and after the final punctuation mark
? For quotes greater than 40 words display it in
a freestanding block of text that is double
spaced but indented ? inch from left margin
? cite author, year and page/of quoted text
? Quoting on line sources such as a web site
where there aren?t any page numbers
Smith and Solomon (2007) stated that ?
there is a paradigm shift in the way health
policies are now created? (para. 5). (Your
reference list would have the web site listed)
? pg 171-172 Manual
Numbers
? Use numerals to express
? numbers 10 and above (13 lists; 10th grade;
12cm)
? Numbers that represent ratios, percents etc
(2 times as many)
? Numbers that represent time, ages scores
? Use words to express numbers
? below 10
? Any number that begins a sentence
? Common fractions
Resources
? American Psychological Association
(2010). Publication Manual, 6th edition.
Washington, DC: Author.
? http://www.apastyle.org/
? http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/
section/2/10/
The introduction to your paper should contain:
1. A statement of the purpose of the paper. (5 points)
2. Definition and discussion of the various elements of the determinants of
health (DOH). (10 points) See Raingruber text book Chpt 4 for information to
get started.
Following the introduction, your paper should contain a DOH self-analysis?that is, an
analysis of your own DOH?based on the definition and discussion of DOH that you
provided in the introduction. (5 points)
Following your DOH Self-Analysis, the focus of your paper will shift
toward intervention(s). This section should contain:
1. An examination and discussion of the recommended intervention(s) for your
personal DOH. (40 points)
o
This discussion should be supported by a minimum of two peerreviewed references.
2. A discussion of how the intervention(s) may promote better health outcomes
for yourself. (20 points)
The conclusion of your paper should contain:
1. Solid and insightful conclusions that are connected to the peer-reviewed
references cited in the interventions portion of your paper. (10 points)
2. An explanation of the influence of your conclusions upon your future health.
(5 points)
The structure and mechanics of your paper should:
1. Follow APA format, including grammar and writing style. (2 points)
2. Be organized into distinct sections and remain within the four to six page limit,
excluding references. (1 point)
3. Include an appropriate reference list, with citation of sources in APA format. (2
points)
Writing Intensive (WI) Assignments, Details, and Rubrics
?
Determinants of Health (DOH) Reflective Paper:
o Details: write a 4 page (minimum, does not include title page or references) paper analyzing your
own determinants of health. Analyze the determinants of health that impact your health. At least
two peer reviewed sources (in the literature review section) must be cited in your reflective
paper.
o Rubric:
Sections of Paper
Points
1. Introduction & Background
a. States the purpose of the paper in the introductory
paragraph
b. Define and discuss the different elements of the
determinants of health
c. Analyze your DOH
20
5
10
5
2. Literature Review
a. Using a minimum of two peer-reviewed references,
examine and discuss the recommended intervention/s
relevant to your DOH.
60
b. Discuss how this intervention/s may promote better
health outcomes for yourself.
20
40
3. Conclusions
a. States solid and insightful conclusions connected to the
peer reviewed references
b. Explains the influence of information upon your future
health.
15
4. Communication of written paper
a. APA format including grammar and writing style is
followed
b. Paper is organized into distinctive sections
c. Appropriate reference list and citation of sources with
APA format
5
Total Points
Points earned
10
5
2
1
2
Grade =
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